Vardielo and Adventures of Pinnochio

The Positive Impact of the Italian Jesuits Movement in America

The Positive Impact of the Italian Jesuits Movement in America Introduction The Italian Jesuits Movement is religious movement that was started by St. Ignatius in the sixteenth century. At the time of its start, it had few members who later invited more people to join them as they prepared to extend their mission of spreading the gospel. The recruits knew nothing in regard to the principles of the Jesuits; they were referred as brothers though some were elderly. They were later to become priests after gaining some experience in spreading the gospel and all that pertained to this movement.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Positive Impact of the Italian Jesuits Movement in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Jesuit Movement According to McKevitt, the members of this group took vows of chastity, obedience and poverty. This was because they wanted to be Christ-like through imitating what Jesus Christ did in his time. In nineteenth century, there was a contradict ion on how far the Jesuit could enjoy life and materials. The Italian Jesuits were not for the idea of fully denying themselves some of the materials, however they listened to John Henry one of their superiors when he visited them and explained to them why they were to enjoy life less. This movement also considered choosing not to marry as a higher step of choosing to serve God more as they had wished and they valued this despite the alternative advice they were given by the Protestants and non-believers. The Jesuits’ Contribution to America Education The Italian Jesuits contributed a lot while traversing America; they preached to Native Americans who later joined them to work as missionaries and were placed in responsibility positions over the parishes that were opened as a result of the large numbers of converts that were gained. The Italian Jesuit assisted in modifying the American culture through creating awareness on arts and related areas that the Americans did not know or knew very little about. This brought about a dramatic change not only in America but also in other parts of the world in the 1960s. Through music, theater, creative writing and visual arts, the Jesuits were able to increase the awareness of the Americans on the significance of art in the society. More to this, their actions were gaining popularity hence paving a way for them as they embarked on evangelism (Udias 1). According to Malley, the Jesuits started some primary and secondary schools and colleges; these were crucial in civilization at this period of time. The studies in these learning institutions became influential to the people since they addressed pertinent issues in the then society; one of the issues was the place of females in the society. These schools enrolled those who were willing to join the mission work and also those who were willing to develop other careers.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Jesuits were determined to educate the Native Americans and they spent most of their time in classes to fully assist those who were willing to learn (Malley 1). According to McKevitt, through getting involved in teaching colleges such as Georgetown College, the Jesuits had invented a way to educate the natives on what they believed in. This was also reshaping the culture of East and West America due to the introduction of new ideas that were not present earlier. The Italian Jesuits had a great positive impact as teachers since they spent most of their life in classroom teaching Americans though they were also committed to priesthood duties. Their impact on education was felt during this time due to the fact that they had flown in from Italy to America in large numbers to deliver quality education to the Native Americans. Empowering the Women According to McKevitt, St Ignatius the founder of the Jesuit movement was devoted towards e mpowering women. The Jesuits too had to follow this; they therefore took every opportunity during their interaction with the people to advocate for women rights. They even integrated nuns and sisters in the teaching programmes and also in running of the learning institutions. This made even the Native Americans to change their perceptions and attitudes towards women since the Jesuits were highly respected and obeyed and thus their opinion in regard to women was equally respected. Industrial Development It has been noted that due to the Mexican war, the Italian Jesuits shifted to the west and while there they became investors through activities such as farming, mining and ranching. This contributed positively towards the upgrading of the industrial sector hence improvement of productivity in this region. Through this they became the role models for the natives who joined them in the investment activities. This also attracted many immigrants from different areas to this region. Accord ing to Ronda, these expatriates reshaped the boundary culture through establishment of churches, press, hospitals and colleges that integrated America with Europe and other neighboring countries. The Jesuits instructed the native converts on farming and also on irrigation skills and also coaching them on the catholic beliefs (Ronda 1). Civilization of the Society According to Ronda, the Jesuits used simple gifts to lure the natives and later talk with them about the word of God. The Jesuits also appointed converted natives into positions of captains and these captains helped the Jesuits in preaching to other natives. This approach was viable in ensuring easy interaction with the natives though it was later faced out after they had completed their mission of ensuring that the Native Americans knew about Christianity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Positive Impact of the Italian Jesuits Movement in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the Jesuits enduring criticism and hostility, the society was learning from them the virtues that they were to have as Christians. According to Ronda, they were to observe high sense of brotherhood despite the challenges that they were encountering. This forced the Native Americans to embrace Christianity as well as holding their traditional religious practices that were of great value to them. Though the Jesuits had theological conflicts with the native religious leaders, they used intellectual confrontations until they prevailed. Such lessons were crucial to the society since they were to behave the same once they were converted to believe in the new ways of the Jesuits. Tranquility was to ensure that development was achieved in a short while. According to McKevitt, the Jesuits had extensively travelled before settling in the United States; they had encountered many cultures and different languages and this gave them a chance to interact faster with the natives. They were also able to accommodate the multicultural America and this helped them in teaching later as they established schools. On the other hand, the natives were also willing to learn from the Jesuits since they had integrated well. McKevitt highlights that church leaders were competing among themselves to acquire the immigrants’ services in the absence of the native ministers. This was to a greater extent beneficial to the Jesuits movement since these church leaders were to join them in disseminating their message. In the long run, the whole society was to benefit by hearing the gospel since they were most likely to listen to their own people more than they would have done to the Jesuits who were just but foreigners (McKevitt 1). According to Judd, Jesuits movement through their practices in America protected the Native Americans from being enslaved by the Portuguese and the Spanish. They were secure since Jesuits were condemning such acts and th erefore it became challenging for their mission of enslaving others to prevail. This was a positive impact towards the native society since they benefitted through the protection that Jesuits provided; they also accepted the teachings of the Jesuits since they were considering their message as liberating and of great value (Judd 1). O’Malley highlights that, as Jesuits were involved in teaching in the Native American schools, they came up with a dictionary since they had learnt many languages hence becoming easier for them to translate from one language to the other, for example, from Japanese to Portuguese. This was an advantage to the natives since they were also to be well educated without language barrier which would have hindered their learning (O’Malley 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Today, the Jesuit movement is still carrying out their work especially in education; they still operate in high schools, colleges and universities in various parts of the world. They are still advocating for human rights and social justice for all in the whole world. The work that the movement did long time ago is still relevant and one can easily trace where some of the practices came from especially in Latin America. Judd, Peter. Four American Ancestries: White, Griggs, Cowles, Judd, Including Haring, Phelps, Denison, Clark, Foote, Coley, Haight, Ayers, and Related Families. New York, N.Y: P.H. Judd Press, 2008. Print. McKevitt, Gerald. Italian Jesuits in the American West, 1848-1919. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. Print. O’Malley, John. How the First Jesuits Became Involved in Education. Boston College, 2012. Web. https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/top/church21/pdf/HowtheFirstJesuitsBecameInvolvedinEducation.pdf. Ronda, James. â€Å"The Europ ean Indian: Jesuit Civilization Planning in New France.† Church History, 41.3 (1972): 385-395. Print. Udias, Augustin, and Stauder William. The Jesuit Contribution to Seismology. Sesmological Society of America, 1996. Web. https://www.seismosoc.org/inside/eastern-section/jesuit-contribution-seismology/.

Public Health Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Health Issues - Essay Example The CDC has recently announced that scheduled flu vaccines for the 2012 to 2013 season already include protection for three influenza virus strains: influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus, and an influenza B virus (CDC, 2012). Significance to Public Health The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified that influenza could actually afflict all people from various age groups. However, those segments of the population who were identified to be at risk of complications are as follows: â€Å"children younger than age two, adults age 65 or older, and people of any age with certain medical conditions, such as chronic heart, lung, kidney, liver, blood or metabolic diseases (such as diabetes), or weakened immune systems† (WHO, 2009, par. 5). Also, the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID) has emphasized the need for health care personnel (HCP) to be vaccinated on a compulsory level. As noted, â€Å"health care personnel can spread the highly contagious influenza virus to patients in their care. In fact, unvaccinated workers can be a key cause of outbreaks in health care settings† (NFID, 2008, p. 2). In an article written by Sawyer, et al. (2012), it was disclosed that the public health advisory on the need for increased influenza immunization has been succesful in enjoining employers to promote the need for vaccination. However, the results of the study revealed that â€Å"population-based surveys of HCPs did not show significant increases in influenza vaccination. Overall, this study suggests that public health leadership, intensive employer promotion activities, and state-required declinations alone were not sufficient to significantly increase HCP influenza vaccination. Policymakers and employers should consider mandates to achieve optimal influenza vaccination among HCPs† (Sawyer, Peddecord, Wang, Deguire, Miskewitch-Dzulynsky, & Vuong: Abstract, 2012, par. 4). The relevance, therefore, of the issue to public hea lth is paramount in terms of manifesting conformity to the call to action of these high risk populations to be immunized against influenza and therefore contribute to the prevention and spread of this illness. Past, Current, Future Statistics The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in conjunction with other national health agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the CDC, and the National Immunization Survey (NIS) have monitored and surveyed the influenza vaccination coverage levels of various population groups. Among which, Table 3 of the report written by Fiore, et al. entitled â€Å"Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines† provides past and current statistics (Fiore & al., 2010). As emphasized, â€Å"in the 2009--2010 vaccination season, 33% of seasonal influenza vaccinations occurred in health departments, pharmacies or drug stores, workplaces, schools, or other nonmedical locations (CDC, unpublished data, 2009). The proportion o f 2009 H1N1 vaccine administered in these settings was 45% (CDC, unpublished data, 2010)† (Fiore, et al.: Other Settings, 2010, par. 1). Future directions indicate that â€Å"most severe morbidity and mortality during typical influenza seasons occurs among persons aged ?65 years of those who have chronic medical conditions. More immunogenic influenza vaccines are needed for persons at

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Risks Associated with Outsourcing - Essay Example Offshoring refers to the location of the work while outsourcing refers to who does the work. A company may offshore without outsourcing if the jobs are relocated to its captive unit or its own office in another country (Scott, Ticoll & Murti, 2005). Thus, in general terms outsourcing refers to a buyer contracting with an outside supplier for services. Various factors are responsible for this but both the buyer and the supplier are subject to risks in different fields. Outsourcing as a cost-effective strategy has shown positive results but significant risks have to be recognized and managed. Since the company relies on some other company for its functions, they have to be managed properly otherwise it could adversely affect the customers and their operations (O’Keeffe & Vanlandingham, n.d.). As far as the buyer is concerned, delays by the supplier can affect customer satisfaction and performance level. In production units, this would mean maintaining higher levels of stocks to mitigate risks but then this involves higher working capital to be blocked. Secondly, the product or service quality may suffer in outsourcing. Hence it is important that the partners or the suppliers have to be assessed carefully before finalizing the deal. If the supplier does not have the capacity to carry out the work or have the financial stability to service the contract, it poses a risk for the buyer (McKenna & Price, 2007) Suppliers may not be financially viabl e thus exposing the buyer to supply interruption risk. Loh and Venkatraman (1995) emphasize that the control issue is the major inhibitor. Firms are reluctant in shifting the locus of competencies towards the external suppliers. This would mean that the decisions rights over the assets are vested in the vendors that might not share the same goals and objectives as the client organization. Thus, even though the benefits of outsourcing offer temptations to the client organization, the risks to have to be considered before signing the contract. Both parties face risk although the client organization is more at risk than the vendor. The skills and competencies of the vendor are critical to the success of the alliance. The client has to transfer not just the technical know-how to the supplier but also communicate the larger goals and objectives so that the vendor’s approach is in alignment with the company objectives. In fact, unless both the parties work in unison, risks would be on both sides. Â  

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Analysis - Essay Example After the pretest, what followed was a series of set instructions. First, the students learnt addition and subtraction by using a number line. This involved indicating numbers that came before or after a given number X and distinguishing odd numbers from even numbers. The next stage involved using cubes to teach addition and subtraction. For instance, having a pile of ten cubes stacked together then taking two away or adding two and then asking the student what this activity resulted in (what is the new number of cubes after adding or subtracting?). Afterwards the students learnt the hundreds and tens chart. After the chart, the students learnt simple place values to enable them to group the digits of a number into ones and tens respectively. In addition, the students were required to count pennies (ones) and dimes (tens) and consequently use these values for addition and subtraction (California Department of Education, 2009). After a successful completion of the above activities, the students did a post-test in whole groups of three again for 25 minutes. The test was on a math work sheet and it comprised of eight questions that were similar to the questions in the pre-test. All the students who did the pre-test also did the post-test for purposes of determining the effectiveness of the teaching strategies applied. There was a tremendous improvement in the students’ performance in the post-test compared to the pre-test performance. In one group, the pre-test had the scores Alyssa 3, Faith 2 and Isaiah 2 out of a possible eight points. In the post-test, the scores were Alyssa 8, Faith 7, and Isaiah 8 out of a possible eight points. This significant learning gain is a direct result of the learning tasks that followed the pre-test. Nonetheless, math is a subject that requires continued practice to ensure that the concepts remain intact as a student advances from one grade to another. As such, the students should

Stateless Auto Configuration Addressing With Ipv6 Computer Science Essay

Stateless Auto Configuration Addressing With Ipv6 Computer Science Essay Because of the ever increasing amount of devices that require IP addresses, IPv4 addressing will no longer be enough to provide these devices with an IP address. IPv6 was introduced to solve the problems of the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by increasing the IP address size from 32b to 128b. This allows for more than enough IP addresses to be given out and is no chance of them ever running out. In this report you will see the different ways in which IPv6 addresses can be assigned to host machines on a network whether it be statically or dynamically. There are benefits and also drawbacks for each method which will be covered in this report. What is IPV6? IPv6 is an internet protocol which was developed to solve the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv4 uses 32b addressing so that means that it is 2^32 = 4,294,967,296 addresses. This may seem like more than enough IP addresses to provide everyone but in fact is not enough to keep up with the growing demand of IP addresses for the newer technology which requires IP addresses. IPv6 uses 128b addressing 2^128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses. [1] As you can see there are a huge number of IPV6 addresses available which will almost never run out. Because of this it makes it harder for us humans to understand them in binary like in IPv4 so this is why with IPv6 they are changing to use hexadecimal instead of binary. By using hexadecimal it shortens the addresses to allot less than it would be if we kept on using binary but the drawback for this is that many people do not understand hexadecimal as most people havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t seen it implemented before. Stateless auto configuration The stateless auto configuration is when host machines on a network have the ability to configure themselves with a routable IP address without the need of a DHCP server to assign it an address. The way this is done is that hosts generate a link local address for each interface connected to it but like MAC and IP addresses the link local address must be unique for each host. To make sure that all of the link local addresses are unique the host machines send a neighbour solicitation message containing its possible link local address that it wants to use. If there is a reply then it means that another host has the same address that it wants to use and so must change its possible address and send the neighbour solicitation message again until it gets a unique address it can use on its interface. Once the host has obtained a link local address its next aim is now to gain an IP address. To do this routers constantly send out router advertisements that hosts on the network listen out for and once the host receives an advertisement it then gains the network information to give its self an IP address to access the network. Advantages of stateless auto configuration are that there is almost no configuration for the client to do when it the computer tries to gain an IP address. All the client needs to do is wait on the machine getting an IP address from the information gained from the router and that is all that is required to get up and running. Another benefit of stateless auto configuration is that it does not need a DHCP server in order for hosts to gain IP addresses and even if it needs to get other information later on it can then contact a DHCP server to get other information such as DNS server addresses. A disadvantage of this method is that it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get the entire network configuration that it may need to be fully functional on the network. Instead it uses DHCPv6 when it has enough configuration to get reach the DHCPv6 server to get the rest of the configuration. This is not good as it would be more efficient to get all of the needed configuration by using stateless auto configuration. [2] Stateful auto configuration Stateful auto configuration is similar to DHCP in the way that IP addresses are given out to hosts on a network by using a server. Even though with IPv6 and its massive amounts of IP`s it is still a good idea to use a server to manage IP`s for companies to control and easily maintain what computers from each room or department are connected to the router. It also allows you to easily change the configuration of the network if needed from a central point in the network, this case being the DHCPv6 server and change settings such as the DNS server and the range of addresses to provide to hosts and this will also update to the clients when they are due to renew their lease. Stateful auto configuration is used when there is no router on the link that is advertising router advertisements to provide the information to give its self an IP address. Instead it goes to a DHCP server that issues the host with all of the required configuration to get access to the network. A disadvantage of stateful auto configuration is that it needs a DHCPv6 server in order to get an IP address and if the DHCPv6 server goes down then there is no way for hosts to get network configurations unless there is a router on the link that is advertising router advertisements. But in the worst case scenario when their being no router available then there is no way for hosts to get assigned an IP address. DHCPv6 DHCPv6 is the protocol that has been developed to work with IPv6. It allows for hosts on a network to gain an IP address and other settings like DNS and default gateway from the DHCPv6 server by using statefull DHCP. The hosts make contact to the DHCP server by using multicasts and also using the UDP protocol. Below is information on the different messages that are exchanged between the host and the DHCP server in order for the host to gain a valid IPv6 address and get access to network resources with the address given to the host. Solicit This is when the client first makes contact with the DHCP server. Advertise This is when the DHCP server sends an advertise message saying that it is available to assign IP addresses to the client. Request The client machine now sends a request message to the server requesting an IP address and other information such as DNS, Default gateway. Confirm The client now sends a confirm message asking if the information is still valid since the IP address was given out. Renew This is when the clients DHCP lease time is running out and needs to be extended or given out a new IP address. With DHCP is it most likely during a renew process that the IP address will be extended to the client. Rebind This is similar to the renew message but with the rebind message the client contacts the server to increase its lease time but is also able to update any changes to other network configuration such as the DNS servers without changing its IP address Reply This is when the server sends a reply message with network configuration information in response to a solicit, request, renew and rebind messages received from the client before. The server then sends another reply message to confirm that the configuration that the client has received is appropriate for that network the client is connected to. Release The release message is used to indicate to the DHCP server that the client will no longer use the IP address and that the IP address the client had can go back into the address pool for another client to use. Decline The decline message is sent from the client to tell the DHCP server that the IP address given out from the server has already been assigned to another host on the network. Reconfigure This message is sent from the DHCP server to inform the client that there is new configuration on the network and the client must then send a renew and reply message in order to receive the updated information. [3] Conclusion IPv6 is a vast improvement on the previous IPv4 protocol with the ability to provide almost unlimited IP addresses to hosts. The two ways in which hosts can gain an IP address are both adequate ways to distribute IP addresses but there are disadvantages with both stateful and stateless auto configuration. Because stateless requires that there must be a router that is advertising router adverts then it means that if there is no router then of course also means it cannot gain its IP address by using stateless configuration. Another disadvantage of this is that the router advertisements do not provide the hosts with all of the network configuration that it may need and then the host has to go to a DHCPv6 server using stateful configuration to get the rest of the configuration. There are also disadvantages for stateful addressing too in that if there is no DHCP server available then it cannot issue IP addresses to hosts. But out of the two auto configurations I would choose stateful to be the best method of issuing IP addresses because it allows for a remote server to distribute address and you can easily change the network settings on the DHCP server and it will also update the clients on the network. It also allows for more control on who gets what range of IP addresses and lets you easily manage IP`s to be issued to certain departments or rooms in a company so you can monitor the machines more easily.

A Tougher Death Penalty Will Reduce Crime Essay -- Expository Cause Ef

We Need a Tougher Death Penalty      Ã‚   Many people, in general, are trying to abolish the death penalty. Why? Why try to abolish something that is in need in our corrupt world? Like for instance, in the case of the monster named Westley Dodd. The death penalty is doing the world of crime some good. If the people could see the right in their negative outlook.       Westley Dodd had been imprisoned for child molesting in many occasions and in 1989 committed a crime that of horrific nature that made even the detectives cry. Westley Dodd preyed on children, one of the many, stuck out in everyone's minds. Dodd caught the attention of five-year old boy named Lee Islei, knocked him unconscious, then dragged him to his apartment. Dodd then tortured him and molested him repeatedly for several hours, and then had the obscurity to capture it all on videotape. Dodd ended up strangling the beat-up child to death and keeping his underwear as "a souvenir" (Lerch). In Dodd's trial, he explained that he could never restrain from committing brutal sex-homicide crimes. Thankfully, the jury sentenced him to death. He requested to be executed by hanging, and was, on January 5, 1993 (Lerch). This is a perfect situation that was in definite need of the death penalty. Believe it or not, many of these sick, perverted men get out of jail. Dodd did before he murdered Le e Iseli. That's why the death penalty comes in real handy in instances like these.       There are also many points that can be proven and objects that can be expressed concerning the death penalty. The one that is going to be the main topic of this paper is, Is the death penalty an effective deterrent in the outlook of the growing crime of murder? There is a tremendou... .... DiIulio Jr., John J. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997.   "Friends For Life." "Friends For Life"--the organization. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.friends-for-life.demon.co.uk/. Search: Internet. Lerch , Randy. "The Pro Death Penalty Pages." [On-line] Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8169/. Search: Internet. January 31, 1997. Lewin, Tamar. "Punishable By Death: Who Decides Who Will Die?" New York Times . New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. Sowell, Thomas. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997. Steamer, Robert J. "Furman vs. Georgia." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. Appendix A. New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. A Tougher Death Penalty Will Reduce Crime Essay -- Expository Cause Ef We Need a Tougher Death Penalty      Ã‚   Many people, in general, are trying to abolish the death penalty. Why? Why try to abolish something that is in need in our corrupt world? Like for instance, in the case of the monster named Westley Dodd. The death penalty is doing the world of crime some good. If the people could see the right in their negative outlook.       Westley Dodd had been imprisoned for child molesting in many occasions and in 1989 committed a crime that of horrific nature that made even the detectives cry. Westley Dodd preyed on children, one of the many, stuck out in everyone's minds. Dodd caught the attention of five-year old boy named Lee Islei, knocked him unconscious, then dragged him to his apartment. Dodd then tortured him and molested him repeatedly for several hours, and then had the obscurity to capture it all on videotape. Dodd ended up strangling the beat-up child to death and keeping his underwear as "a souvenir" (Lerch). In Dodd's trial, he explained that he could never restrain from committing brutal sex-homicide crimes. Thankfully, the jury sentenced him to death. He requested to be executed by hanging, and was, on January 5, 1993 (Lerch). This is a perfect situation that was in definite need of the death penalty. Believe it or not, many of these sick, perverted men get out of jail. Dodd did before he murdered Le e Iseli. That's why the death penalty comes in real handy in instances like these.       There are also many points that can be proven and objects that can be expressed concerning the death penalty. The one that is going to be the main topic of this paper is, Is the death penalty an effective deterrent in the outlook of the growing crime of murder? There is a tremendou... .... DiIulio Jr., John J. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997.   "Friends For Life." "Friends For Life"--the organization. [On-Line]. Available: http://www.friends-for-life.demon.co.uk/. Search: Internet. Lerch , Randy. "The Pro Death Penalty Pages." [On-line] Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8169/. Search: Internet. January 31, 1997. Lewin, Tamar. "Punishable By Death: Who Decides Who Will Die?" New York Times . New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995. Sowell, Thomas. "The Death Penalty Is an Effective Deterrent." The Death Penalty; Opposing Viewpoints .California:Greenhaven Press, 1997. Steamer, Robert J. "Furman vs. Georgia." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. Appendix A. New York: SIRS 1995 Corrections. 1995.